Lattice vibrations of materials for lithium rechargeable batteries III. Lithium manganese oxides

Structural features of several lithiated manganese oxides are studied using Raman scattering (RS) spectroscopy. This local probe is capable to analyse directly the near-neighbour environment of oxygen coordination around manganese and lithium cations. The samples include: orthorhombic and monoclinic LiMnO2, spinel LiMn2O4, monoclinic Li2MnO3, lithiated-spinel Li2Mn2O4, Li-birnessite, LT- and HT-Li0.52MnO2.1, spinel Li4Mn5O12, and Li0.33MnO2. Thus, as a first approach, we consider the vibrational spectra of lithiated manganese oxides such as the superposition of the spectra of local structures. The lattice modes are discussed in the spectroscopic symmetry and the vibrations due to lithium ions with their oxygen neighbours are identified. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.