Resonance occupation in the Kuiper belt:: Case examples of the 5:2 and Trojan resonances

As part of our ongoing Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES) of the Kuiper belt, we report on the occupation of the 1 : 1 ( Trojan), 4 : 3, 3 : 2, 7 : 4, 2 : 1, and 5 : 2 Neptunian mean motion resonances (MMRs). The previously unrecognized occupation of the 1 : 1 and 5 : 2 MMRs is not easily understood within the standard model of resonance sweeping by a migratory Neptune over an initially dynamically cold belt. Among all resonant Kuiper belt objects (KBOs), the three observed members of the 5 : 2 MMR discovered by DES possess the largest semimajor axes (a approximate to 55.4 AU), the highest eccentricities (e approximate to 0.4), and substantial orbital inclinations (i approximate to 10degrees). Objects (38084) 1999HB(12) and possibly 2001KC(77) can librate with modest amplitudes of similar to90degrees within the 5 : 2 MMR for at least 1 Gyr. Their trajectories cannot be explained by close encounters with Neptune alone, given the latter's current orbit. The dynamically hot orbits of such 5 : 2 resonant KBOs, unlike hot orbits of previously known resonant KBOs, may imply that these objects were preheated to large inclination and large eccentricity prior to resonance capture by a migratory Neptune. Our first discovered Neptunian Trojan, 2001QR(322), may not owe its existence to Neptune's migration at all. The trajectory of 2001QR(322) is remarkably stable; the object can undergo tadpole-type libration about Neptune's leading Lagrange (L4) point for at least 1 Gyr with a libration amplitude of 24degrees. Trojan capture probably occurred while Neptune accreted the bulk of its mass. For an assumed albedo of 12%-4%, our Trojan is similar to130-230 km in diameter. Model-dependent estimates place the total number of Neptune Trojans resembling 2001QR(322) at similar to20-60. Their existence helps to rule out violent orbital histories for Neptune.