Homocysteine and Alzheimer's disease

Background A high circulating concentration of the amine acid homocysteine is an independent risk factor for stroke. Alzheimer's disease (AD) commonly co-occurs with stroke. Epidemiological studies found associations between hyperhomocysteinaemia and both histologically confirmed AD and disease progression and revealed that dementia in AD was associated with evidence of brain infarcts on autopsy. Thus hyperhomocysteinaemia and AD could be linked by stroke or microvascular disease. However, given known relations between B-group vitamin deficiency and both hyperhomocysteinaemia and neurological dysfunction, direct causal mechanisms are also plausible. Recent developments A recent prospective study (S Seshadri and colleagues N Engl J Med 2002 346:476-83) showed hyperhomocysteinaemia to be a strong independent risk factor for dementia and AD. The researchers found a graded increase in risk of both outcomes with rising plasma concentration of homocysteine after multivariate control for putative risk factors for AD. In conjunction with demonstration of a fall in homocysteine concentration sin response to increasing B group-vitamin status, these findings give hope that mental decline, or AD itself, could be prevented by dietary modification or food fortification. Where next? 25% of dementia cases are attributed to stroke. The possibility that some of the other 75% might be prevented by the lowering of homocysteine concentrations greatly increases the hope of maintaining self-sufficiency into old age. If homocysteine lowering can reduce the incidence of dementia or AD decreased incidence of these disorders may be seen in Canada and the USA, where government-mandated folate-fortification programmes are in effect. Future research should focus on early detection of AD and on the possibility that the disease itself or its primary symptom could be prevented by folate supplementation.