Ca2+ scraps -: Local depletions of free [Ca2+] in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum during contractions leave substantial Ca2+ reserve

Free [Ca2+] inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum ([Ca2+](SR)) is difficult to measure yet critically important in controlling many cellular systems. In cardiac myocytes, [Ca2+](SR) regulates cardiac contractility. We directly measure [Ca2+](SR) in intact cardiac myocytes dynamically and quantitatively during beats, with high spatial resolution. Diastolic [Ca2+](SR) (1 to 1.5 mmol/L) is only partially depleted (24% to 63%) during contraction. There is little temporal delay in the decline in [Ca2+](SR) at release junctions and between junctions, indicating rapid internal diffusion. The incomplete local Ca2+ release shows that the inherently positive feedback of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release terminates, despite a large residual driving force. These findings place stringent novel constraints on how excitation-contraction coupling works in heart and also reveal a Ca2+ store reserve that could in principle be a therapeutic target to enhance cardiac function in heart failure.