Sea-level, humidity, and land-erosion records across the initial Eocene thermal maximum from a continental-marine transect in northern Spain

In two continental sections in the Tremp basin, northern Spain, the initial Eocene thermal maximum (also known as the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum) is registered by an similar to6parts per thousand fall in delta(13)C values in soil carbonate nodules. High-resolution correlations, using the delta(13)C excursion, can be made to nearby shelf and bathyal marine settings, allowing a detailed reconstruction of soil formation on land and transport of detritus to the sea during the initial Eocene thermal maximum. Soils that formed before and after the initial Eocene thermal maximum in the Tremp region reflect and to semiarid conditions, with abundant evaporative minerals, whereas initial Eocene thermal maximum soils reflect seasonally wetter but generally dry conditions. During the initial Eocene thermal maximum, land erosion was intensified and accumulation rates of terrigenous detritus in the sea increased. This reflects both increased topographic relief associated with a prominent sea-level lomstand and enhanced seasonal precipitation over a dry landscape with sparse vegetation. Deeper erosion led to an increase in the flux of kaolinite from buried Mesozoic soils to the oceans. The association of the initial Eocene thermal maximum with a sea-level lowstand in northern Spain, as well as at other marginal North Atlantic sites, may reflect coeval large-scale magmatic activity in the northernmost Atlantic.