Tools for fouling diagnosis of NF and RO membranes and assessment of the fouling potential of feed water

A set of coherent tools for (i) analysing the fouling of NF and RO membranes and (ii) determining the fouling potential of feed water is presented in this paper. These tools - developed for diagnosis, prediction, prevention and control of fouling - are applied in practice and have proven their value in controlling fouling. A database obtained with the described tools at plants with and without operational problems is available for the interpretation of observations in pilot plants and in practice.