Enhanced pesticide sorption by soils containing particulate matter from crop residue burns

Lack of proper techniques to isolate black carbon (BC) from soils has hindered the understanding of their roles in the sorption and environmental fate of organic contaminants in soils and sediments. The burning of crop residues may be the primary source of BC in agricultural soils. In this study, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) residues were burned, and the resulting particulate matter (ashes) along with a soil were used to sorb diuron from water. Calculations indicated that the burning of crop residues may result in an appreciable level of ashes in soils. The diuron sorption isotherms on ashes were curvilinear Langmuir type, suggestive of surface adsorption and similar to that with activated carbon. Ashes were 4002500 times more effective than soil in sorbing diuron over the concentration range of 0-6 mg/L. Sorption by wheat ash-amended soils and the degree of isotherm nonlinearity increased with increasing ash content from 0% to 1% (weight), indicating the significant contribution of wheat ash to the sorption. Calculations show that wheat ash and soil independently contributed to the sorption. Above the wheat ash content of 0.05%, the sorption was largely controlled by the ash. Density-based fractionation and repeated HCl-HF washing of wheat ash yielded carbon-enriched fractions and enhanced diuron sorption by these fractions. BC appeared primarily responsible for the high adsorptivity of ashes. Ashes arising from the burning of crop residues may be an important determinant of pesticide immobilization and environmental fate in soils.