Capsule-like assemblies in polar solvents

Calix[4]arene derivatives with four anionic groups at their upper rim form discrete 1:1 complexes with complementary calix[4]arene derivatives bearing four cationic groups at their upper rim. Each cation is bound by two anions, and vice versa, in a mutual chelate arrangement, reinforced by a network of ionic hydrogen bonds. These multiple electrostatic interactions lead to the formation of highly stable capsule-like assemblies even in polar protic solvents such as methanol and water. In the capsule interior a cavity is formed that is in principle large enough for the encapsulation of small aliphatic and aromatic guests (170-230 Angstrom(3)). Monte Carlo simulations in water reproducibly lead to the same regular opimized structures. These differ mainly by their inner volume and flexibility, as demonstrated by molecular dynamics calculations. Most half-spheres can be synthesized by way of the tetrakis(chloromethyl) or the tetrabromocalix[4]arene intermediate. Oppositely charged calix[6]arenes also form strong complexes, but no indication was found for a lock in the cone conformation. The formation of the ball-shaped complexes from calix[4]arene building blocks was studied with Job plots, NMR titrations, NOESY, and variable-temperature experiments, as well as ESI-MS measurements. Investigations aimed at the inclusion of various guest molecules were carried out with alcohols, sulfoxides, benzene derivatives, and ammonium, as well as pyrazinium guests. Although binding isotherms were generated with cationic guests, these must be considered to be loosely associated around the seam rather than included inside the capsule.