Using confidence intervals for graphically based data interpretation

As a potential alternative to standard null hypothesis significance testing, we describe methods for graphical presentation of data - particularly condition means and their corresponding confidence intervals - for a wide range of factorial designs used in experimental psychology. We describe and illustrate confidence intervals specifically appropriate for between-subject versus within-subject factors. For designs involving more than two levels of a factor, we describe the use of contrasts for graphical illustration of theoretically meaningful components of main effects and interactions. These graphical techniques lend themselves to a natural and straightforward assessment of statistical power.