Is it really just a social construction? The contribution of the physical environment to sense of place

Although sense of place definitions nominally include the physical environment, much research has emphasized the social construction of sense of place and neglect the potentially important contributions of the physical environment to place meanings and attachment. This article presents research that tests several models that integrate ( 1) characteristics of the environment, ( 2) human uses of the environment, ( 3) constructed meanings, and ( 4) place attachment and satisfaction. The research utilized a mail survey of 1,000 property owners in a lake-rich region ( the Northern Highlands Lake District of Northern Wisconsin). Structural equation modeling revealed that the bestfit model integrating environmental variables with sense of place was a meaning-mediated model that considered certain landscape attributes (i.e., level of shoreline development) as predictive of certain meanings related to attachment and satisfaction. This research demonstrates that landscape attributes matter a great deal to constructed meanings; these constructions are not exclusively social.