Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with ragged-red fibers

Background: Motor neuron diseases (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [ALS] and spinal muscular atrophy [SMA]) have been rarely associated with mitochondrial respiratory chain defects. Objectives: To describe a patient with typical ALS and the finding of ragged-red fibers in muscle biopsy specimens and to review the literature on respiratory chain defects in ALS and SMA. Design: Case report and review of the literature. Setting: Collaboration between tertiary care academic hospitals. Patient: A 65-year-old man with typical ALS. Main Outcome Measures: The patient had 10% ragged-red fibers and 3% cytochrome-c oxidase-negative fibers in muscle biopsy specimens but no biochemical defects of respiratory chain enzymes or alterations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Results: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with ragged-red fibers has been reported in 5 families and is associated with mtDNA mutations in some subjects. Spinal muscular atrophy without mutations in the survival motor neuron gene (SMN; OMIM 600354) has been associated with mtDNA depletion or with mutations in the cytochrome-c oxidase assembly gene (SCO2; OMIM 604377). Conclusion: Respiratory chain defects can mimic ALS or SMA and should be considered in the differential diagnosis.