NMR spectroscopy of Group 13 metal ions:: biologically relevant aspects

In spite of the fact that Group 13 metal ions (Al3+, Ga3+, In3+ and Tl+/3+) show no main biological role, they are NMR-active nuclides which can be used in magnetic resonance spectroscopy of biologically relevant systems. The fact that these metal ions are quadrupolar (with the exception of thallium) means that they are particularly sensitive to ligand type and coordination geometry. The line width of the NMR signals of their complexes shows a strong dependence on the symmetry of coordination, which constitutes an effective tool in the elucidation of structures. Here we report published NMR studies of this family of elements, applied to systems of biological importance. Special emphasis is given to binding studies of these cations to biological molecules, such as proteins, and to chelating agents of radiopharmaceutical interest. The possibility of in vivo NMR studies is also stressed, with extension to Al-27-based MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) experiments. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.