Progress in the development of respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus vaccines

Respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV) and human parainfluenza viruses ( hPIVs) are leading causes of viral lower respiratory tract illness in children and in high- risk adult populations. Despite decades of research, licensed vaccines for RSV and hPIVs do not exist. Recently, however, genetically engineered live attenuated RSV and hPIV candidate vaccines have been generated, several of which are already being evaluated in clinical trials. Recombinant technology allows candidate vaccines to be fine-tuned in response to clinical data, which should hasten the development of vaccines against these important respiratory pathogens.