Can diarylethene photochromism be explained by a reaction path alone? A CASSCF study with model MMVB dynamics

The origin of the photochromic properties of diarylethenes is a conical intersection (which we have located computationally), but we show that dynamics calculations are necessary to explain why the conical intersection is accessible, because the excited-state reaction path is not contained in the branching space defining the intersection. Four different systems have been studied: 1,2-di(3-furyl)ethene, 1,2-di(3-thienyl)ethene, 1,2-bis(2-methyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene, and a model hydrocarbon system. Critical points on the ground- and excited-state potential energy surfaces were calculated using complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) theory; dynamics calculations were carried out using the molecular mechanics-valence bond (MMVB) method. The main experimental observations (i.e., picosecond time domain, quantum yield, temperature dependence, and fluorescence) can be interpreted on the basis of our results.