Nanomaterials and singlet oxygen photosensitizers: potential applications in photodynamic therapy

In this review, we address a highly interdisciplinary field: the use of nanomaterials as carriers for singlet oxygen photosensitizers and their potential applications in photodynamic therapy. In particular, recent advances in the use of nanoparticles including inorganic oxide-, metallic-, and polymer-based nanocomposites as photosensitizer carriers are highlighted. We review advantages and shortcomings of these diverse approaches as far as their application for photodynamic therapy is concerned. Fullerenes and their derivatives are also included, focusing on recent studies on their structure, properties, and ability to generate singlet oxygen.