Effect of soil type on adsorption-desorption, mobility, and activity of the herbicide norflurazon

Adsorption-desorption studies of norflurazon on 17 soils of very different characteristics have been performed using a batch equilibration method and correlated to its mobility, activity, and persistence in soils. The influence of different soil properties and components on norflurazon adsorption was determined. The significant variables were organic matter (OM) content and iron and aluminum oxides, which accounted for 85 and 11% of the variability, respectively. Norflurazon desorption from soils was hysteretic in all cases, being more irreversible at the lowest herbicide concentrations adsorbed. The percentage of norflurazon eluted from columns of selected soils reached almost 100% in soils with sand content >80% and OM <1%, but in the soil which gave the highest sorption, herbicide residues were not detected at depths > 16 cm. The herbicidal activity of norflurazon was followed by measuring its bleaching effect on soybean plants, and the herbicide concentration required to give 50% chlorophyll inhibition (CI50) was calculated. CI50 was achieved on a sandy soil with 0.08 mg kg(-1), whereas 1.98 mg kg(-1) was necessary for the soil that presented maximum norflurazon adsorption.