PM2.5 particles and size-segregated ionic species measured during fall season in three urban sites in Korea

Twelve hours integrated fine particles (PM2.5) and 24-h average size-segregated particles were collected to investigate the chemical characteristics and to determine the size distribution of ionic species during October-December 1999 in three cities of different urban scale; Chongju, Kwangju, and Seoul, Korea. Concentrations of 5-min PM2.5 black carbon (BC) and hourly criteria air pollutants (PM10, CO, NOx, SO2, and O-3) were also measured using the Aethalometer and ambient air monitoring system, respectively. Highest PM2.5 mass concentrations at Chongju, Kwangju, and Seoul sites were 63.0, 77.9, and 143.7 mug m(-3), respectively. For the time period when highest PM2.5 mass occurred, BC level out of PM2.5 chemical species was highest at both Chongju and Kwangju, and highest NO3- (23.6 mug m(-3)) followed by BC (23.1 mug m(-3)) were observed at Seoul site, indicating that highest PM2.5 pollution is closely associated with the traffic emissions. Strong relationships of Fe with BC and Zn at both Kwangju and Seoul sites support that the Fe and Zn measured there are originated partly from same source as BC, i.e. diesel traffics. However, it is suggested that the Fe measured at Chongju is most likely derived from dispersion of soil dust. The size distributions of SO24-, NO3-, and NH4+ ionic species indicated similar unimodal distributions at all sampling sites. However, different unimodal patterns in the accumulation mode size range with a peak in the smaller size (0.28-0.53 mum, condensation mode) in both Kwangju and Seoul, and in the relatively larger size (0.53-1.0 mum, droplet mode) in Chongju, were found. The potassium ion under the study sites dominates in the fine mode, and its size distribution showed unimodal character with a maximum in the size range 0.56-1.0 mum. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.