Minimizing drift in electrical conductivity measurements in high temperature environments using the EM-38

The EM-38 is a noninvasive instrument, commonly used for monitoring salinity, mapping bulk soil properties, and evaluating soil nutrient status. Users in the Southwest USA have observed as much as 20% drift in the measurement of bulk soil electrical conductivity (EC) with this instrument. This drift has usually been ignored or compensated for by statistical procedures. We performed laboratory and field experiments to determine if the drift is due to calibration instability of the instrument or to heating of the instrument by the sun. In laboratory experiments, after a warm-up period, the instrument provided constant readings in the range 25 to 40degreesC; above 40degreesC the response of the instrument was unpredictable. In field experiments, where we placed the EM-38 in a fixed location we observed an unexpected response at air temperatures below 40degreesC. Temperature sensors in different locations on the instrument demonstrated that temperature differences between the instrument's transmitting and receiving coils and the control panel (CP) were as great as 20degreesC. As the instrument is temperature compensated from this CP, erroneous compensation occurred when the instrument was placed in direct sunlight. In this study, we demonstrate that differential heating of the EM-38 is one cause of drift and erroneous bulk electrical conductivity measurement; shading the instrument substantially reduced this problem, effectively extending the reliable working temperature range by minimizing drift.