Low-energy circular dichroism of 2-aminopurine dinucleotide as a probe of local conformation of DNA and RNA

Circular dichroism is commonly used to investigate the conformations of nucleic acids. However, many biochemical processes implicate conformational changes of particular nucleotide residues within DNA or RNA that cannot be studied by this method, because the CD of these residues is buried in the total signal of the polynucleotide. Here, we report a method to study local conformations of DNA or RNA that is based on the use of the CD of 2-aminopurine (AP) residues as a probe. AP is readily incorporated into DNA in place of adenine and does not significantly alter DNA structure. Unlike adenine, AP is fluorescent and this property has been used for many years to investigate local nucleic acid structure. We show here that the CD spectrum of AP dinucleotide, (AP)(2), exhibits a positive CD band at 326 nm, a spectral region in which nucleic acids (and proteins) do not absorb. Our results show that the bases of (AP)(2) are stacked in a right-handed helical conformation. A low-energy CID band is also observed when this nucleoticle dimer is incorporated into double-stranded DNA. Control experiments show that this signal comes from the stacking of adjacent AP residues. We have used this CD signal to provide information about the conformation of the AP dinucleotide at a defined position within single- and double-stranded nucleic acids.