Generation of monochloropropanediols (MCPDs) in model dough systems. 1. Leavened doughs

The effect of dough recipe ingredients and processing on the generation of monochloropropanediol isomers (MCPDs) in leavened wheat doughs has been investigated. Commercial ingredients having no effect on MCPD formation were acetic acid and baking fats (triacylglycerols). Ingredients making a significant contribution to MCPD levels were yeast and flour improver [ascorbic acid, diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides (DATEM), and soya flour]. The results showed that free glycerol is a key precursor of MCPDs in leavened doughs. This glycerol is primarily generated by the yeast during proving but is also present in the flour, the yeast, and the improver. Under conditions of high dough moisture content (45%), MCPD formation was approximately proportional to glycerol concentration but showed a weaker dependence on chloride level, suggesting that the mechanisms of formation involved at least some reversible stages. MCPD generation increased with decreasing dough moisture to a point where the formation reaction was limited by chloride solubility and competing reactions involving glycerol and key precursor intermediates. These results could be predicted by a kinetic model derived from the experimental data. Glycerol was shown to account for 68% of MCPDs generated in proved full recipe dough.