The balance between concurrent activation of ERs and PPARs determines daidzein-induced osteogenesis and adipogenesis

The soy phytoestrogen daidzein has biphasic dose responses, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet clear. Transcriptional and biochemical data show that PPARs, in addition to ERs, are molecular targets of daidzein, which divergently regulates osteogenesis and adipogenesis. Dose responses are the result of a balance among PPARs and between ERs and PPARs.