Glucuronidation and sulfonation, in vitro, of the major endocrine-active metabolites of methoxychlor in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and induction following treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene

The organochlorine pesticide, methoxychlor (MXC), is metabolized in animals to phenolic mono- and bis-demethylated metabolites (OH-MXC and HPTE, respectively) that interact with estrogen receptors and may be endocrine disruptors. The phase II detoxication of these compounds will influence the duration of action of the estrogenic metabolites, but has not been investigated extensively. In this study, the glucuronidation and sulfonation of OH-MXC and HPTE were investigated in subcellular fractions of liver and intestine from untreated, MXC-treated and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC)-treated channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. MXC-treated fish were given i.p. injections of 2 mg MXC/kg daily for 6 days and sacrificed 24 h after the last dose. The 3-MC treatment was a single 10 mg/kg i.p. dose 5 days prior to sacrifice. In hepatic microsomes from control fish, the V-max value (mean +/- S.D., n = 4) for glucuronidation of OH-MXC was 270 50 pmol/min/mg protein, higher than found for HPTE (110 20 pmol/min/mg protein). For each substrate, the V-max, values observed in intestinal microsomes were approximately twice those found in the liver. The K-m values for OH-MXC and HPTE glucuronidation in control liver were not significantly different and were 0.32 +/- 0.04 for OHMXC and 0.26 +/- 0.06 mM for HPTE. The K-m for the co-substrate, UDPGA, was higher in liver (0.28 +/- 0.09 mM) than intestine (0.04 +/- 0.02 mM). Treatment with 3-MC but not MXC increased the V-max for glucuronidation in liver and intestine. Glucuronidation was a more efficient pathway than sulfortation for both substrates, in both tissues. The V-max values for sulfonation of OH-MXC and HPTE, respectively, in liver cytosol were 7 +/- 3 and 17 +/- 4 pmol/min/mg protein and in intestinal cytosot were 13 +/- 3 and 30 +/- 5 pmol/min/mg protein. Treatment with 3-MC but not MXC increased rates of sulfonation of OH-MXC and HPTE and the model substrate, 3-hydroxy-benzo(a)pyrene in both intestine and liver. Comparison of the kinetics of the conjugation pathways with those published for the demethylation of MXC showed that formation of the endocrine-active metabolites was more efficient than either conjugation pathway. Residues of OH-MXC and HPTE were detected in extracts of liver microsomes from MXC-treated fish. This work showed that although OH-MXC and HPTE could be eliminated by glucuronidation and sulfonation, the phase II pathways were less efficient than the phase I pathway leading to formation of these endocrine-active metabolites. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.