Low carbon dioxide partial pressure in a productive subtropical lake

The purposes of this study were to assess if Lake Apopka (FL, USA) was autotrophic or heterotrophic based on the partial pressure of dissolved carbon dioxide (pCO(2)) in the surface water and to evaluate factors that influence the long-term changes in pCO(2). Monthly average pH, alkalinity and other limnological variables collected between 1987 and 2006 were used to estimate dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), pCO(2) and CO2 flux between surface water and atmosphere. Results indicated that average pCO(2) in the surface water was 196 mu atm, well below the atmospheric pCO(2). Direct measurements of DIC concentration on three sampling dates in 2009 also supported pCO(2) undersaturation in Lake Apopka. Supersaturation in CO2 occurred in this lake in only 13% of the samples from the 20-year record. The surface-water pCO(2) was inversely related to Chl a concentrations. Average annual CO2 flux was 28.2 g C m(-2) year(-1) from the atmosphere to the lake water and correlated significantly with Chl a concentration, indicating that biological carbon sequestration led to the low dissolved CO2 concentration. Low pCO(2) and high invasion rates of atmospheric CO2 in Lake Apopka indicated persistent autotrophy. High rates of nutrient loading and primary production, a high buffering capacity, a lack of allochthonous loading of organic matter, and the dominance of a planktivorous-benthivorous fish food web have supported long-term net autotrophy in this shallow subtropical eutrophic lake. Our results also showed that lake restoration by the means of nutrient reduction resulted in significantly lower total phosphorus (TP) and Chl a concentrations, and higher pCO(2).