Measuring the force ejecting DNA from phage

We discuss how a balance can be established between the force acting to eject DNA from viral capsids and the force resisting its entry into a colloidal suspension that mimics the host cell cytoplasm. The ejection force arises from the energy stored in the capsid as a consequence of the viral genome (double-stranded DNA) being strongly bent and crowded on itself. The resisting force is associated with the osmotic pressure exerted by the colloidal particles in the host solution. Indeed, recent experimental work has demonstrated that the extent of ejection can be progressively limited by increasing the external osmotic pressure; at a sufficiently high pressure, the ejection is completely suppressed. We outline here a theoretical analysis that allows a determination of the internal (capsid) pressure by examining the different relations between force and pressure inside and outside the capsid using the experimentally measured position of the force balance.