The C terminus of c-Src inhibits breast tumor cell growth by a kinase-independent mechanism

Overexpression or increased activity of cellular Src (c-Src) is frequently detected in human breast cancer, implicating involvement of c-Src in the etiology of breast carcinomas. Curiously, overexpression of c- Src in tissue culture cells results in a weakly or non-transforming phenotype, indicating that it alone is not sufficient for oncogenesis. However, the protein has been demonstrated to potentiate mitogenic signals from transmembrane receptors. This report investigates the requirement for c- Src in breast cancer as a transducer and integrator of anchorage-dependent and - independent growth signals by utilizing the Src family pharmacological inhibitors, PP1 and PP2, or stable overexpression of the catalytically inactive c-Src mutant (K- c-Src). Both methods of inhibiting endogenous c- Src diminished formation of soft agar colonies and tumors in nude mice. The majority of the dominant-negative activity of K- c- Src was mapped to the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain and C-terminal half of the molecule, but not to the Unique domain, Src homology 3 (SH3) domain, or the N-terminal half of K- c- Src. Further analysis of the C terminus revealed that its ability to inhibit growth localized to the N-terminal lobe (N-lobe) of the catalytic region. These results underscore the requirement for c- Src to maintain the oncogenic phenotype of breast cancer cells and suggest that c- Src may be manipulated to inhibit cell growth by the direct disruption of its catalytic activity or the introduction of either the SH2 domain or the N-lobe of K- c-Src.