Effect of feed C/N ratio promoted bioflocs on water quality and production performance of bottom and filter feeder carp in minimum-water exchanged pond polyculture system

A 120-day experiment was conducted with the aim to examine the effects of feed C/N ratio promoted bioflocs on water quality and production of bottom and filter feeder carp in land-based experimental mesocosm with minimum water exchange system. For the purpose four bioflocs treatments with carbohydrate feed referred as 'C/N 11', 'C/N 15', 'C/N 19' and 'C/N 23', and control 'C/N 7' without carbohydrate addition consisted of three replicate enclosures (7 m x 7 m x 1.5 m) were arranged. Young bottom feeder mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio, filter feeders silver carp, (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichtys nobilis) with initial mean individual body weight of 194.72 (+/- 4.42 g), 54.10 (+/- 0.84 g) and 58.69 (+/- 0.68 g) were stocked altogether in polyculture at densities of 285 g.m(-2), 45 g.m(-2) and 15 g.m(-2), respectively in control and treatments. During the experiment water temperatures varied from 24.7 to 12.0 degrees C. The results showed a significant (P < 0.05) positive correlation between bioflocs volumes and experimental water temperatures. The total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations in treatments from C/N 11 to C/N 23 were significantly (P < 0.05) lower comparing to control (C/N 7). Nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), total inorganic nitrogen (TIN), orthophosphate (PO4-P) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with higher C/N ratios. There was no significant (P < 0.05) differences in concentrations of Chlorophyll a, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) with increasing C/N ratios in treatments. The total production (TP) of bottom and filter feeders fish reached up to 13895 kg.ha(-1) in experimental treatments. The specific growth rates (SGR), protein efficiency ratios (PER) and net production (NP) of mirror carp increased gradually with increases of C/N ratios. The feed conversion rates (FCR) of experimental fish declined significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing of C/N ratios in all control and treatments. With increasing C/N ratios, the total feed conversion rates (TFCR) of fish decreased significantly (P < 0.05), while total protein efficiency ratios (TPER) increased significantly (P < 0.05). The bioflocs influenced muscle compositions in terms of crude protein, crude fat and ash of the mirror carp significantly (P < 0.05). The present study revealed that improved production performance and feed utilization in mirror, silver and bighead carp could be achieved with improved water quality with increasing feed C/N ratio. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.