First detection of nitrogen from NOx in tree rings:: a 15N/14N study near a motorway

Nitrogen isotope analysis (delta(15)N) of tree rings is potentially useful for evaluating the temporal development of the nitrogen (N) deposition to forests and for studying the long-term effects of N accumulation in ecosystems. To test this hypothesis, we investigated three sites across a pollution gradient in differing distances (20,150,1000m) from a motorway in Switzerland, which was built in 1965. We sampled four Picea abies trees per site, whereby we extracted the tree ring cores with hot water and solvents before the isotope analysis to remove mobile N storage compounds, and determined the isotope variations in the stem wood for the period 1928-2000. While tree ring growth was not affected by the construction of the motorway, the 615 N values were increasing by up to 7.9parts per thousand after 1965 at the most polluted site, indicating the uptake of NO, from car exhausts, although the signal was highly variable. Isotopically heavy NO, emissions were observed in an earlier study at the same location resulting in a delta(15)N-gradient of recent needles from +1.3%. to -4.4%. with increasing distance from the motorway. This gradient was also reflected in the tree rings, but dampened by a factor of about 2 compared to the needles. For the trees near the motorway, the total nitrogen concentration in the tree rings varied in parallel with the delta(15)N values (r(2) = 0.52). This enabled us to apply a mass balance equation for reconstructing the isotope signal of N originating from the car exhausts for the period 1965-2000, with the delta(15)N of NO2 in the range +1.3parts per thousand- +6.4parts per thousand. The more distant sites were much less affected by the traffic and their isotope ratio reflected the influence of varying proportions of isotopically heavy (NO2) and light (NHx) deposition. We conclude that the analysis of tree ring N-15 variations is a promising tool for the detection of the role played by nitrogen deposition to the forests. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.