期刊
LIFE SCIENCES
卷 75, 期 8, 页码 893-899出版社
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.04.003
关键词
G protein-coupled receptor; arrestin; endocytosis; internalization; recycling; phosphorylation; trafficking
资金
- NCI NIH HHS [R24 CA88339] Funding Source: Medline
- NCRR NIH HHS [1 S10 RR14668, P20 RR11830] Funding Source: Medline
- NIAID NIH HHS [AI36357, AI43932] Funding Source: Medline
- NIGMS NIH HHS [GM68901] Funding Source: Medline
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of transmembrane signaling molecules in the human genome. As such, they interact with numerous intracellular molecules, which can act either to propagate or curtail signaling from the receptor. Their primary mode of cellular activation occurs through heterotrimeric G proteins, which in turn can activate a wide spectrum of effector molecules, including phosphodiesterases, phospholipases, adenylyl cyclases and ion channels. Active GPCRs are also the target of G protein-coupled receptor kinases, which phosphorylate the receptors culminating in the binding of the protein arrestin. This results in rapid desensitization through inhibition of G protein binding, as well as novel mechanisms of cellular activation that involve the scaffolding of cellular kinases to GPCR-arrestin complexes. Arrestins can also serve to mediate the internalization of certain GPCRs, a process which plays an important role in regulating cellular activity both by mediating long-term desensitization through down regulation (degradation) of receptors and by recycling desensitized receptors back to the cell surface to initiate additional rounds of signaling. The mechanisms that regulate the subsequent intracellular trafficking of GPCRs following internalization are largely unknown. Recently however, it has become clear that the pattern of receptor phosphorylation and subsequent binding of arrestin play a critical role in the intracellular trafficking of internalized receptors, thereby dictating the ultimate fate of the receptor. In addition, arrestins have now been shown to be required for the recycling of GPCRs that are capable of internalizing through arrestin-independent mechanisms. This review will summarize recent advances in our understanding of the roles of arrestins in post-endocytic GPCR trafficking. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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