Kinetics of the formation and decomposition of chlorination by-products in surface waters

The presence of organic chlorination by-products (CBPs) in drinking waters has caused great public health concerns. One of the most important factors affecting their formation during the disinfection procedure is reaction time. The kinetics of the formation of CBPs can be different for the different categories or species of compounds, depending also on the chlorine dose, organic matter content and the presence of bromide ion. Decomposition of some CBPs also occurs due to hydrolysis or reactions with residual chlorine. Therefore, the final concentrations of individual species of CBPs reaching the consumers' tap may deviate from the predictions. The aim of the present investigation was the determination of formation or decomposition kinetics of CBPs during chlorination of natural waters. 24 CBPs were studied in chlorinated water from three different sources. Different speciation of CBPs and different formation rates were observed for different water quality regarding bromide ion presence and organic matter content. Decomposition of some CBPs occurred, specifically haloketones, BCA and DBA, after an initial formation step. The percentages of incorporation of chlorine and organic matter into CBPs indicated that other halogenated compounds not identified during the present study have also been formed during chlorination. The importance of chlorine dose for the formation of CBPs and for the incorporation of organic matter was highlighted. Moreover, linear correlations were observed between the concentrations of chlorofon-n-MCA, chloroform-DCA and chloroform-TCA as well as between total THMs and total HAAs, in all waters studied. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.