Calmodulin/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II mediates SAAF-induced motility activation of ascidian sperm

Ca2+-influx and membrane hyperpolarization by sperm-activating and -attracting factor (SAAF) released from the unfertilized egg of the ascidians Ciona cause a transient increase in cAMP, which triggers activation of sperm motility. We demonstrated here the presence of Ca2+-binding protein, calmodulin (CaM), and CaM-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) in the sperm. CaM antagonist, W-7, and CaMKII inhibitor, KN-93, suppressed SAAF-induced membrane hyperpolarization, increase in cAMP, and activation of sperm motility, but inactive analogues of W-7 and KN-93, namely W-5 and KN-92, respectively, did not. Subsequent addition of K+ ionophore, valinomycin, hyperpolarized the plasma membrane, increased cAMP, and conferred motility to the immotile sperm even in the presence of W-7 and KN-93. Addition of IBMX activated motility of sperm, which has been immobilized by W-7 and KN-93. These suggest that increased [Ca2+](i) through influx of Ca2+ by SAAF binds to CaM to activate CaMKII. The activated CaMKII may cause membrane hyperpolarization to increase cAMP, which triggers the activation of sperm motility in Ciona. (C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.