Molecular mechanisms of TNF-α-induced ceramide formation in human glioma cells:P53-mediated oxidant stress-dependent and -independent pathways

The present study was designed to examine the roles of p53, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ceramide, and to determine their mutual relationships during tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced apoptosis of human glioma cells. In cells possessing wild-type p53, TNF-alpha stimulated ceramide formation via the activation of both neutral and acid sphingomyelinases (SMases), accompanied by superoxide anion (O-2(-.)) production, and induced mitochondrial depolarization and cytochrome c release, whereas p53-deficient cells were partially resistant to TNF-alpha and lacked O-2(-.) generation and neutral SMase activation. Restoration of functional p53 sensitized glioma cells expressing mutant p53 to TNF-alpha by accumulation of O-2(-.). z-IETD- fmk (benzyloxycarbonyl-Ile-Glu-Thr-Asp fluoromethyl ketone), but not z-DEVD-fmk (benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp fluoromethyl ketone), blocked TNF-alpha-induced ceramide formation through both SMases as well as O-2(-.) generation. Caspase-8 was processed by TNF-alpha regardless of p53 status of cells or the presence of antioxidants. Two separate signaling cascades, p53-mediated ROS-dependent and -independent pathways, both of which are initiated by caspase-8 activation, thus contribute to ceramide formation in TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis of human glioma cells.