Syntheses and properties of low-level melamine-modified urea-melamine-formaldehyde resins

Syntheses of urea-melamine-formaldehyde (UMF) resins were studied using 2-12% melamine levels and UF base resins that were preadvanced to various different extents. The melamine reaction was carried out at pH 6.3 with F/(U + M) mole ratio of 2.1 until a target viscosity of V was reached (Gardener-Holdt) and then the second urea added at pH 8.0 to give a final F/(U + M) mole ratio of 1.15. Analyses with C-13-NMR and viscosity measurements showed that MF components react fast and the UF components very slowly in the melamine reaction. Therefore, as the extent of preadvancement of UF base resin was decreased, the reaction time to reach the target viscosity became longer and the MF resin components showed high degrees of polymerization. The overpolymerization of MF components resulted in increasingly more opaque resins, with viscosity remaining stable for more than a month. As the preadvancement of UF base resin was increased, the extent of advancement of MF components decreased, to give clearer resins, with viscosity slowly increasing at room temperature. Overall, preadvancing the UF base resin components to an appropriate extent was found to be a key to synthesizing various low-level melamine-modified UMF resins. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.