Critical self-assembly concentration of an ionic-complementary peptide EAK16-I

Understanding the process of self-assembly of peptides has been important in various biomedical engineering applications. This work focuses on the effect of peptide concentration on the molecular self-assembly of an ionic-complementary peptide, EAK16-I(AEAKAEAKAEAKAEAK), in aqueous solution. The surface tension and self-assembled nanostructures were determined for a wide range of peptide concentrations using axisymmetric drop shape analysis-profile(ADSA-P)and atomic force microscopy(AFM), respectively. Surface tension measurements revealed a critical self-assembly concentration of 0.3 mg peptide/ml water, below which the surface tension decreased rapidly with increasing peptide concentration, and above which the surface tension remained at a constant, plateau value. There were two structural transitions observed with increasing peptide concentration: the first was from globular nanostructures to fibrils, and the second from the fibrils to relatively thick fibers. The second structural transition occurred at the critical self-assembly concentration as determined by the surface tension measurements. The nanostructural behavior of EAK16-I was compared with that of EAK16-II, which has the same amino acid composition but a different charge distribution. Salt effects were also examined by adding NaCl to the peptide solution. The salt addition facilitated the formation of peptide fibrils at low peptide concentrations but increased the critical self-assembly concentration, which occurred at 0.8 mg peptide/ml water in the presence of 20mM NaCl. The structural transitionsinvolved in the self-assembly of EAK16-I resemble those from protofibrils to fibrils observed with numerous naturally occurring peptides. An understanding of this structural transition may have relevance in the analysis and treatment of peptide/protein conformational diseases and have application in the production of self-assembled protein nanostructures.