Limited field of view of head-mounted displays is not the cause of distance underestimation in virtual environments

Observers binocularly viewed a target placed in a large open field under two viewing conditions: unrestricted field of view and reduced field of view, as effected using a simulated head-mounted display. Observers indicated the perceived distance of the target, which ranged from 2 to 15 m, using both verbal report and blind walking. For neither response was there a reliable effect of limiting the field of view on the perception of distance. This result indicates that the significant underperception of distance observed in several studies on distance perception in virtual environments is not caused by the limited field of view of the head-mounted display.