Quantifying pulsed laser induced damage to graphene

As an emerging optical material, graphene's ultrafast dynamics are often probed using pulsed lasers yet the region in which optical damage takes place is largely uncharted. Here, femtosecond laser pulses induced localized damage in single-layer graphene on sapphire. Raman spatial mapping, SEM, and AFM microscopy quantified the damage. The resulting size of the damaged area has a linear correlation with the optical fluence. These results demonstrate local modification of sp(2)-carbon bonding structures with optical pulse fluences as low as 14 mJ/cm(2), an order-of-magnitude lower than measured and theoretical ablation thresholds. [doi:10.1063/1.3663875]