Export of Plasmodium falciparum calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 to the parasitophorous vacuole is dependent on three N-terminal membrane anchor motifs

Calcium-dependent protein kinases play a pivotal role in calcium signalling in plants and some protozoa, including the malaria parasites. They are found in various subcellular locations, suggesting an involvement in multiple signal transduction pathways. Recently, Plasmodium falciparum calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (PfCDPK1) has been found in the membrane and organelle fraction of the parasite. The kinase contains three motifs for membrane binding at its N-terminus, a consensus sequence for myristoylation, a putative palmitoylation site and a basic motif. Endogenous PfCDPK1 and the in vitro translated kinase were both shown to be myristoylated. The supposed membrane attachment function of the basic cluster was experimentally verified and shown to participate together with N-myristoylation in membrane anchoring of the kinase. Using immunogold electron microscopy, the protein was detected in the parasitophorous vacuole and the tubovesicular system of the parasite. Mutagenesis of the predicted acylated residues and the basic motif confirmed that dual acylation and the basic cluster are required for correct targeting of Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein to the parasitophorous vacuole, suggesting that PfCDPK1 as the leishmanial hydrophilic acylated surface protein B is a representative of a novel class of proteins whose export is dependent on a 'non-classical' pathway involving N-myristoylation/palmitoylation.