期刊
FEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS
卷 28, 期 5, 页码 519-542出版社
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.04.001
关键词
chloramphenicol acetyltransferase; Cat and Cml gene nomenclature; enzymatic inactivation; florfenicol resistance; specific exporter; multidrug transporter; co-selection
类别
Chloramphenicol (Cm) and its fluorinated derivative florfenicol (Ff) represent highly potent inhibitors of bacterial protein biosynthesis. As a consequence of the use of Cm in human and veterinary medicine, bacterial pathogens of various species and genera have developed and/or acquired Cm resistance. Ff is solely used in veterinary medicine and has been introduced into clinical use in the mid-1990s. Of the Cm resistance genes known to date, only a small number also mediates resistance to Ff. In this review, we present an overview of the different mechanisms responsible for resistance to Cm and Ff with particular focus on the two different types of chloramphenicol acetyltransferases (CATs), specific exporters and multidrug transporters. Phylogenetic trees of the different CAT proteins and exporter proteins were constructed on the basis of a multisequence alignment. Moreover, information is provided on the mobile genetic elements carrying Cm or Cm/Ff resistance genes to provide a basis for the understanding of the distribution and the spread of Cm resistance - even in the absence of a selective pressure imposed by the use of Cm or Ff. (C) 2004 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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