Temporal variation of oceanic spreading and crustal production rates during the last 180 My

We present a re-evaluation of seafloor spreading and generation rates, mainly based on a direct measurement of the remaining surfaces of oceanic crust and isochron lengths defined in the most recent isochron maps [J.Y. Royer, R.D. Mulller, L.M. Gahagan, L.A. Lawyer, C.L. Mayes, D. Nurmberg, J.G. Sclater, A global isochron chart, Tech. Rep. 117, Austin, Univ. of Tex. Inst. for Geophys., 1992; R.D. Muller, W.R. Roest, J.Y. Royer, L.M. Gahagan, J.G. Sclater, Digital isochrons of the world's ocean floor, J. Geophys. Res., 102 (1997), 3211-3214]. Our evaluation of the amount of oceanic crust per unit age {dA/dt} as a function of age, which can be expressed as dA/dt = C-o(1 -t/t(m)), is in fairly good agreement with previous determinations [J.G. Sclater, B. Parsons, C. Jaupart, Oceans and continents: similarities and differences in the mechanisms of heat loss, J. Geophys. Res.,86 (1981) 11,535-11,552; D.B. Rowley, Rate of plate creation and destruction: 180 Ma to present, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 114 (2002) 927-9331, with C-o = 2.850 +/- 0.119 km(2) year(-1) and t(m)= 180.2 +/- 9.7 Ma. Dividing these dA/dt by the ridge lengths L, defined as the isochron length at each epoch allowed us to compute the evolution of global half-spreading rates. These have been roughly constant at 25.9 +/- 3.3 mm year(-1) for at least the last 150 Ma. We propose that the global seafloor surface generation rate is roughly constant as well, with a mean half-value of 1.298 +/- 0.284 km(2) year(-1) and varying +/-20% with time. This study corroborates the recent conclusion of Rowley [D.B. Rowley, Rate of plate creation and destruction: 180 Ma to present, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 114 (2002) 927-933], of a constant generation rate since 180 Ma, and completely contradicts the commonly accepted idea of high seafloor spreading and surface generation rates during a large part of the Cretaceous. Combining the oceanic surface generation rates derived here with crustal thicknesses deduced from the chemical composition of old oceanic crusts and seismic measurements [E. Humler, C.H. Langmuir, V Daux, Depth versus age: new perspectives from the chemical compositions of ancient crust, Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 173 (1999) 7-23], the magmatic flux at young (0-80 Ma) oceanic ridges appears to be about 18.1 +/- 3.4 km(3) year(-1) and was possibly 15% to 30% higher during the Mesozoic. We propose that mantle temperature variation provides an alternative mechanism to spreading rate for the Cretaceous highstand in sea-level and atmospheric CO2 generation. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.