Combination of redox capacity and double layer capacitance in composite electrodes through immobilization of an organic redox couple on carbon black

Carbon electrodes have been modified with 2-nitro-1-naphthol with the aim of producing composite supercapacitor electrodes, which make use of both the electric double layer (EDL) capacitance of high surface area carbon and the redox capacity (pseudocapacitance) of the organic compound. In situ FIFIR and cyclic voltammetric data confirm literature reports of the reduction of 2-nitro-1-naphthol to 2-aminol-naphthol and the subsequent oxidation of the o-aminonaphthol to the corresponding o-naphthaquinoneimine in aqueous acidic media. The measurements also show that the quinoneimine is not stable and hydrolized in sulphuric acid electrolyte to 1,2-naphthaquinone. The chemically highly reversible o-naphthaquinone/o-naphthahydroquinone couple remains immobilized on the carbon electrodes during redox cycling. The organic redox couple contributes a capacity of 35 mA h g(-1) of the bare carbon to the overall charge storage capability of the composite electrode. Surprisingly, it does not affect the capacitance of the electric double layer of the carbon. During 1000 charge/discharge cycles, the pseudocapacitance decreases by less than 20% in a normal large-volume electrochemical cell. Electrochemical impedance measurements show that the full capacity of the electrode is accessible at frequencies below 0.1 Hz. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All fights reserved.