Adrenoceptor compounds prevent the settlement of marine invertebrate larvae:: Balanus amphitrite (Cirripedia), Bugula neritina (Bryozoa) and Hydroides elegans (Polychaeta)

The effects of the neurotransmitter blockers idazoxan and phentolamine on the larval settlement of three marine invertebrate species belonging to three different phyla were investigated by using in vitro concentration-response bioassays. Since neurotransmitters are known to influence metamorphic transitions in invertebrate larvae, neurotransmitter blockers were tested to evaluate their sublethal effects on larvae. The alpha-adrenergic antagonists idazoxan and phentolamine inhibited settlement of Balanus amphitrite (Cirripedia), Bugula neritina ( Bryozoa) larvae, and larvae of the polychaete Hydroides elegans ( Polychaeta) in a concentration- and taxon-dependent manner. At concentrations of 10(-3) M of both agents, larvae of all three species became immobile and subsequently died within 24 h. While cumulative settlement rates were observed after 48 h for B. amphitrite and H. elegans, and after 5 h for B. neritina, > 90% of the larvae that settled did so within 24 h for the first two species and within 1 h for B. neritina. The tendency of the hydrophobic idazoxan and phentolamine to accumulate at solid surfaces most probably contributes to their successful inhibition of larval settlement. This ability makes them particularly attractive as candidates for the development of slow-release carriers in antifouling paints.