Parenteral influenza vaccination influences mucosal and systemic T cell-mediated immunity in healthy adults

We sought to determine whether palatine tonsils (PTs) harbor naturally acquired influenza-specific T cell immunity and whether routine parenteral immunization with influenza vaccine influences mucosal and systemic T cell reactivity. We demonstrate that tonsillar and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) proliferate strongly to influenza antigens, suggesting that naturally acquired immunity exists within both the mucosal and systemic compartments. Influenza vaccination induced significantly stronger T cell responses in both PTs and blood, in addition to increasing titers of antiinfluenza antibodies in serum and saliva. More-rapid proliferative responses of PTs after vaccination were associated with a shift from a response involving both CD45RA(+) and CD45RO(+) T cells to an entirely CD45RO(+)-dependent response. Interestingly, the ratio of interferon-gamma to interleukin-5 was dramatically higher in cultures of PT T cells responding to influenza than in PBMCs. Our data indicate that parenteral influenza vaccination influences both mucosal and systemic naturally acquired T cell immunity.