A macroscale model for low density snow subjected to rapid loading

A Capped Drucker-Prager (CDP) model was used to simulate the deformation-load response of a low density (150-250 kg/m(3)) snow being loaded at high strain rates (i.e., strain rates associated with vehicle passage) in the temperature range of -1 to -10 degreesC. The range in the appropriate model parameters was determined from experimental data. The model parameters were refined by running finite-element models of a radially confined uniaxial compression test and a plate sink-age test and comparing these results with laboratory and field experiments of the same. This effort resulted in the development of two sets of model parameters for low density snow, one set that is applicable for weak or soff'' snow and a second set that is representative of stronger or hard (aged or sintered) snow. Together, these models provide a prediction of the upper and lower bound of the macroscale snow response in this density range. Furthermore, the modeled snow compaction density agrees well with measured data. These models were used to simulate a tire rolling through new fallen snow and showed good agreement with the available field data over the same depth and density range. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.