Efficient photometric selection of quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey:: 100,000 z < 3 quasars from Data Release One

We present a catalog of 100,563 unresolved, UV-excess (UVX) quasar candidates to g = 21 from 2099 deg(2) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release One (DR1) imaging data. Existing spectra of 22,737 sources reveals that 22,191 (97.6%) are quasars; accounting for the magnitude dependence of this efficiency, we estimate that 95,502 (95.0%) of the objects in the catalog are quasars. Such a high efficiency is unprecedented in broadband surveys of quasars. This proof-of-concept'' sample is designed to be maximally efficient, but still has 94.7% completeness to unresolved, g less than or similar to 19.5, UVX quasars from the DR1 quasar catalog. This efficient and complete selection is the result of our application of a probability density type analysis to training sets that describe the four-dimensional color distribution of stars and spectroscopically confirmed quasars in the SDSS. Specifically, we use a nonparametric Bayesian classification, based on kernel density estimation, to parameterize the color distribution of astronomical sources - allowing for fast and robust classification. We further supplement the catalog by providing photometric redshifts and matches to FIRST/VLA, ROSAT, and USNO-B sources. Future work needed to extend this selection algorithm to larger redshifts, fainter magnitudes, and resolved sources is discussed. Finally, we examine some science applications of the catalog, particularly a tentative quasar number counts distribution covering the largest range in magnitude (14.2 < g < 21.0) ever made within the framework of a single quasar survey.