United Kingdom back pain exercise and manipulation (UK BEAM) randomised trial: cost effectiveness of physical treatments for back pain in primary care

Objective To assess the cost effectiveness of adding spinal manipulation, exercise classes, or manipulation followed by exercise (combined treatment) to best care in general practice for patients consulting with low back pain. Design Stochastic cost utility analysis alongside pragmatic randomised trial with factorial design. Setting 181 general practices and 63 community settings for physical treatments around 14 centres across the United Kingdom. Participants 1287 (96%) of 1334 trial participants. Main outcome measures Healthcare costs, quality adjusted life years (QALYs), and cost per QALY over 12 months. Results Over one year, mean treatment costs relative to best care were 1195 ($360; (sic)279; 95% credibility interval pound85 to pound308) for manipulation, pound140 (pound3 to pound278) for exercise, and pound125 (pound21 to pound228) for combined treatment. All three active treatments increased participants' average QALYs compared with best care alone. Each extra QALY that combined treatment yielded relative to best care cost pound3800; in economic terms it had an incremental cost effectiveness ratio of pound3800. Manipulation alone had a ratio of 5:8700 relative to combined treatment If the NHS was prepared to pay at least pound10 000 for each extra QALY (lower than previous recommendations in the United Kingdom), manipulation alone would probably be the best strategy. If manipulation was not available, exercise would have an incremental cost effectiveness ratio of pound8300 relative to best care. Conclusions Spinal manipulation is a cost effective addition to best care for back pain in general practice. Manipulation alone probably gives better value for money than manipulation followed by exercise.