Improving the efficiency of sperm technologies in pigs: the value of deep intrauterine insemination

The use of AI in pigs has dramatically expanded in the last few years. New methodological advances in AI are required to serve the requirements of new sperm technologies, such as the use of low dose AI, because the use of cervical AI has a very low efficiency leading to low fertility results. One of the strategies devised to meet these requirements is the deposition of semen near the site of fertilization in the oviduct. Using deep intrauterine insemination with a specially designed catheter, a 20-fold reduction in the number of freshly and diluted inseminated spermatozoa can be achieved without decreasing farrowing rates. Moreover, an advantage of deep intrauterine insemination is the possibility of using processed, 'weaker' spermatozoa such as those that have been frozen-thawed or sex-sorted. Although deep intrauterine insemination should be of benefit to the pig industry, more investigations are needed to understand the mechanisms related to sperm colonization of the oviducts and identify the minimal sperm numbers needed to obtain maximal fertility results for processed and unprocessed boar spermatozoa. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.