The combined effect of silanols and the reversed-phase ligand on the retention of positively charged analytes

The nature of the interaction of positively charged analytes with the surface of reversed-phase bonded phases has been investigated as a function of both pH and volume fraction of organic modifier. Studies of the combined effect of both the parameters have been previously reported by us, and the data presented here further demonstrate a multiplicative interaction between pH and the concentration of organic modifier in the mobile phase. Fitting of the data as functions of pH and eluent composition clearly shows that the hydrophobically assisted ion-exchange process dominates over a purely reversed-phase or a pure ion-exchange retention mechanism. The underlying theory is developed in detail, and the mechanism is elucidated using several reversed-phase packings of substantially different character. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.