Immune activation of type IIFNs by Listeria monocytogenes occurs independently of TLR4, TLR2, and receptor interacting protein 2 but involves TNFR-associated NF-κB kinase-binding kinase 1

Type I IFNs are well established antiviral cytokines that have also been shown to be induced by bacteria. However, the signaling mechanisms regulating the activation of these cytokines during bacterial infections remain poorly defined. We show that although Gram-negative bacteria can activate the type I IFN pathway through TLR4, the intracellular Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (LM) can do so independently of TLR4 and TLR2. Furthermore, experiments using genetic mutants and chemical inhibitors suggest that LM-induced type I ILFN activation occurs by an intracellular pathway involving the serine-threonine kinase TNFR-associated NF-kappaB kinase (TANK)-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Interestingly, receptor-interacting protein 2, a component of the recently discovered nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-dependent intracellular detection pathway, was not involved. Taken together, our data describe-a novel signal transduction pathway involving TBK1 that is used by LM to activate type I IFNs. Additionally, we,provide evidence that both the LM- and TLR-dependent pathways converge at TBK1 to activate type I TFNs, highlighting the central role of this molecule in modulating type I IFNs in host defense and disease.