Sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy studies on molecular conformation and orientation of biological molecules at interfaces

Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy has been employed to study a variety of interesting biological phenomena occurring at interfaces. This review summarizes recent SFG studies on proteins, lipid monolayers and bilayers, and other biological molecules. Molecular level details revealed by SFG in these studies show that SFG is a powerful technique for characterizing conformation, orientation and ordering of biological molecules at interfaces.