Prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation produces intensity-dependent EEG responses in humans

The reactivity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was studied by measuring electroencephalographic (EEG) responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with different stimulus intensities. Focal TMS at intensities of 60%, 80%, 100%, and 120% of the motor threshold was delivered to the left middle frontal gyrus identified individually from magnetic resonance images (MRI) in seven healthy subjects. EEG was simultaneously recorded with 60 scalp electrodes. Stimulation evoked clear responses at all intensities. Left prefrontal TMS evoked an averaged EEG response consisting of five deflections at 27 3 (peak 1), 39 +/- 3 ms (II), 52 +/- 7 ms (III), 105 +/- 14 ms (IV), and 193 +/- 15 ms (V) at the Fz/FCz electrodes. The slope of the almost linear dependence of the overall response on stimulus intensity varied with latency. Potential distributions were relatively similar for the four intensities, suggesting that the same cortical structures may be activated. Intensity dependence function to TMS may be an indicator of cortical activation in humans. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.