TGF-β and vitamin D3 utilize distinct pathways to suppress IL-12 production and modulate rapid differentiation of human monocytes into CD83+ dendritic cells

We previously demonstrated that agents known to signal infection or inflammation can rapidly and directly drive differentiation of human CD14(+) monocytes into CD83(+) dendritic cells (DCs) when introduced to cells under serum-free conditions. In this study, we evaluated the effects of TGF-beta and vitamin D-3 (VitD(3)) on the proportion and function of monocytes that adopt DC characteristics. TGF-beta significantly decreased the proportion of cells that rapidly adopted stable DC characteristics in response to LPS, but had little or no effect on calcium ionophore-induced differentiation. In contrast, VitD3 showed no such pathway specificity and dramatically suppressed differentiation of monocytes into DCs in response to these agents. Both TGF-beta and VitD(3) altered cytokine and chemokine production in LPS-treated monocytes, inhibited IL-12 and IL-10 secretion, and decreased the functional capacity of DCs. Despite the similar effects of TGF-beta and VitD(3), there are significant differences in the signaling pathways used by these agents, as evidenced by their distinct effects on LPS- and calcium ionophore-induced DC differentiation, on LPS-induced secretion of IL-10, and on two members of the NF-kappaB family of transcription factors, ROB and cRel. These studies identify TGF-beta and VitD(3) as potent regulatory factors that use distinct pathways to suppress both the differentiation of DCs as well as their capacity to secrete the Th1-polarizing cytokine IL-12. Because these agents are present in serum and negatively affect DC differentiation at physiological concentrations, our findings are likely to have significance regarding the in vivo role of TGF-beta and VitD(3) in determining the type of immune responses.